MAHASAGAR vision అంటే ఏమిటి? దీన్ని India ఎప్పుడు ప్రకటించింది?
MAHASAGAR: Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions. India’s Indian Ocean Region (IOR) cooperation framework. 2025లో PM మోడీ ప్రకటించారు. Replaces/evolves from earlier SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region, 2015). IOR countries తో maritime security, trade, humanitarian cooperation. IN-SLN DIVEX 2026 ఈ vision కి aligned. India Navy Chief: Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi. Key IOR partners: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Bangladesh.
WIPO అంటే ఏమిటి? World IP Day ఎప్పుడు? IP types?
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization. స్థాపన: 1967. HQ: Geneva, Switzerland. UN Specialized Agency. DG: Daren Tang (Singapore). World IP Day: ఏప్రిల్ 26 – WIPO convention sign అయిన రోజు (1970). IP Types: 1) Patent (Invention – 20 years protection); 2) Trademark (Brand name/logo); 3) Copyright (Literary/Artistic works – life+60 years); 4) Geographical Indication (GI – location-specific products); 5) Design (Industrial Design); 6) Trade Secret. India IP Authority: CGPDTM (Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks). DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce. India patent office: Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata.
Serum Institute of India (SII) గురించి – previous malaria vaccine Oxford collaboration?
SII: Serum Institute of India. Pune. Cyrus Poonawalla Group. World’s largest vaccine manufacturer by volume. Key vaccines: COVISHIELD (AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID vaccine), R21/Matrix-M (Malaria, Oxford), R78C (new multi-stage, 2026). R21/Matrix-M: First Oxford-SII malaria vaccine (RTS,S/AS01 alternative) – WHO pre-qualified 2023; DCGI approved India 2024. RH5.1: Blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate (Phase 2 trials). R78C: New multi-stage – RIPR + CyPRA antigens; License agreement April 2026. SII CEO: Adar Poonawalla. Annual capacity: 1.5 billion doses.
ISRO Gaganyaan – First Batch astronauts వివరాలు? Shubhanshu Shukla ISS mission?
Gaganyaan First Batch (IAF Test Pilots): 1) Air Commodore Prashanth B. Nair; 2) Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla; 3) Group Captain Ajit Krishnan; 4) Group Captain Angad Prathap. Training: Russia (Roscosmos) + India (ISRO). Shubhanshu Shukla: Axiom Space Mission (Ax-4) – ISS mission 2025. India’s second person in space (Rakesh Sharma – 1984 first). Gaganyaan Vehicle: Human Rated LVM3 (formerly GSLV Mk III). Service Module, Crew Module. Bharatiya Antariksh Station: 2035 target launch. ISRO Chairman: V. Narayanan (2024 నుండి). HQ: Bengaluru.
Hyderabad Metro details – Corridors, Length, Stations?
HMR Phase-I: 3 corridors, 69 km total, 57 stations (largest single metro PPP project in world when built). Corridors: 1) Miyapur–LB Nagar (29 km); 2) JBS–MGBS (15 km); 3) Nagole–HITECH City (27 km). Started: November 2017 (first section). L&T: Built and operated since 2017. Phase-II: Proposed 162 km, 4 corridors (Shamshabad Airport, Kokapet, etc.) – approx ₹24,269 crore. HMRL: Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited. HMDA: Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority. Daily ridership: ~4.5 lakh. Total trips: 86 crore+.
Transgender Persons – India Legal Framework, NALSA Judgment, Tamil Nadu first?
NALSA Judgment 2014: Supreme Court recognized Transgender as Third Gender; Right to self-identify; Reservation in OBC/SC/ST. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019: Legal definition, Certificate of Identity, prohibition of discrimination, welfare measures. Tamil Nadu: First Indian state to recognize Third gender – 2008 (Aruputhammal Committee recommendations). Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board: 2008 స్థాపన. Rithika Sri: TN’s first Transgender Cricket Umpire. TNCA 2026: Added “Third Gender” category in umpire forms. BCCI: Board of Control for Cricket in India | HQ: Mumbai | Chairman: Roger Binny.
APEDA విధులు, Basmati GI tag, India Agri Exports అంశాలు?
APEDA: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. Ministry of Commerce. HQ: New Delhi. Established: 1985 (APEDA Act 1985). Promotes exports of: Basmati, Fruits, Vegetables, Meat, Marine products, Organic products. Basmati GI Tag: Protected geographical indication. Grown in specific regions: Punjab, Haryana, UP, Uttarakhand, HP, J&K, Delhi. India Basmati Exports: ~$5 billion/year. Major buyers: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, USA. GI Registry: Chennai (IP India). India Agri Exports: ₹4.5 lakh crore (FY25). APEDA handles scheduled products; MPEDA for marine.
APCNF – Natural Farming, Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) వివరాలు?
APCNF: Andhra Pradesh Community-managed Natural Farming. Started 2016 under AP Govt. Implementing agency: Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS) – Farmer Empowerment Corporation. Women SHG-led extension. 1.8M+ farmers, 9L hectares, 8,168 GPs. Zero synthetic inputs. Key features: Pre-monsoon Dry Sowing (PMDS), intercropping, mulching, Jeevamrutha (microbial solution). Benefits: 50-60% water reduction; 23-60% GHG reduction; 55% more birds, 60% more insects. Food Planet Prize: Curt Bergfors Foundation, Sweden, 2020 annual. 2026 finalist – first Indian initiative. AP CM: N. Chandrababu Naidu. AP Agri Minister: K. Atchannaidu.