Royal Norwegian Order of Merit – చరిత్ర, Grade లు, ముఖ్యమైన వివరాలు?
Royal Norwegian Order of Merit: 1985లో కింగ్ ఒలావ్ V స్థాపించారు. Grand Master: King Harald V. 5 Grade లు: Grand Cross (అత్యున్నతం), Grand Officer, Commander, Commander (with Star), Officer, Knight. నార్వేజియన్లు మరియు విదేశీయులు ఇద్దరికీ ఇస్తారు. Norway: Oslo రాజధాని; Scandinavian/Nordic దేశం; NATO సభ్యదేశం; Arctic Council member; Oslo Accords (1993) – Israel-Palestine; Nobel Peace Prize Oslo లో ఇస్తారు; Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund (Government Pension Fund Global) ~$1.8 Trillion – ప్రపంచంలో అతిపెద్ద. India-Norway: Green Strategic Partnership 2026; Green Maritime Partnership 2025. PM మోదీ 5-nation tour: UAE, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Italy.
OCI, PIO, NRI – తేడాలు; Citizenship Act 1955 ముఖ్య నిబంధనలు?
OCI: Overseas Citizen of India – Citizenship Act 1955 Section 7A కింద; 2005లో ప్రవేశపెట్టారు. Lifelong, Multiple-entry Visa; Limited rights (voting లేదు, constitutional posts లేవు). Pakistan, Bangladesh మూలం వారికి అనర్హత. PIO Card: 2015లో OCI లో విలీనం. NRI: Non-Resident Indian – Indian Citizen + 182 days+ విదేశంలో ఉంటారు. Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh నుండి Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jain, Parsi, Sikh శరణార్థులకు Indian Citizenship మేర్కొంది (Muslims మినహాయించారు). Citizenship Act 1955: Section 3 (By Birth), Section 4 (By Descent), Section 5 (By Registration), Section 6 (By Naturalisation), Section 7A-7D (OCI). India Dual Citizenship allow చేయదు.
G20 – చరిత్ర, సభ్యదేశాలు, 2026 Presidency వివరాలు?
G20: Group of 20 – Inter-governmental forum. 1999లో Finance Ministers level గా ప్రారంభం; 2008 Washington DC లో మొదటి Leaders’ Summit. 20 సభ్యులు: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK, USA, EU. G20 GDP: ~85%; Population: ~2/3 of world. Presidencies: India 2023 (New Delhi – ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’), Brazil 2024, South Africa 2025, USA 2026. 2026 G20: Foreign Ministers – Atlanta Oct 30-31; Leaders’ Summit – Miami, Dec 14-15 (Trump National Doral). US Secretary of State: Marco Rubio. India-G20: Africa Union ను G20 లో చేర్చుకోవడానికి India మద్దతు ఇచ్చింది (2023).
S-400 Triumf – వ్యవస్థ వివరాలు, India-Russia Defence Deal?
S-400 Triumf (NATO: SA-21 Growler): Russia’s Almaz-Antey అభివృద్ధి. Detection Range: 600 km; Engagement Range: 400 km; Multiple target engagement. India Deal: October 2018, G2G, ~$5.43 billion (~₹40,000 కోట్లు), 5 squadrons. IAF name: సుదర్శన చక్ర. Delivery: 1st (2021 Punjab sector), 2nd-3rd (2022-23), 4th (May 2026), 5th (late 2026). CAATSA: Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act – S-400 కొనుగోలు US sanctions trigger చేయవచ్చు; India కి waiver దేవడం పెండింగ్. Operation Sindoor (May 2025): S-400 Pakistan దాడులను అడ్డగించింది; JF-17 200 km దూరంలో intercept చేసింది. Project Kusha: DRDO S-400 స్థాయి indigenous LRSAM అభివృద్ధి చేస్తోంది.
iDEX, ADITI, DIO – రక్షణ నవ్యత విధానాల వివరాలు?
iDEX: Innovations for Defence Excellence – 2018 DefExpo లో PM Modi ప్రారంభించారు; Startups, MSMEs, individuals నుండి defence innovation; MoD ఆధీనం. DIO: Defence Innovation Organisation – iDEX నిర్వహణ. ADITI: Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX; ADITI 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 – క్రమంగా bigger challenges; ₹25 crore grant available. Tonbo Imaging: Bengaluru; Electro-optics, Thermal Imaging, HPM, Directed Energy; Founded 2012. DEW: Directed Energy Weapons – HPM, Laser-based, Particle Beam. HPM: Drone swarm, electronic system disabling. India DEW Programme: DRDO-led; private sector collaboration iDEX ద్వారా.
Andhra Pradesh Defence Manufacturing Corridor – వివరాలు?
AP Defence Manufacturing Corridor: Hyderabad-Amaravati-Visakhapatnam కారిడోర్. India రెండు Defence Industrial Corridors: (1) UP Defence Industrial Corridor – Agra, Aligarh, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow; (2) Tamil Nadu Defence Industrial Corridor – Chennai, Coimbatore, Hosur, Salem, Tiruchirappalli. Visakhapatnam: Eastern Naval Command HQ; INS Eksila (Marine Engineering); Naval Dockyard; SCoR HQ. AMCA: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft – India’s 5th Gen Stealth; ADA (Aeronautical Development Agency) + HAL; Foundation Stone: Puttaparthy, May 15, 2026; PM Modi vision of ‘Make in India’. Bharat Forge: Kalyani Group; HQ Pune; Forging, Defence, Aerospace; Chairman: Baba Kalyani.
GeM – Government e-Marketplace వివరాలు, ముఖ్య గణాంకాలు?
GeM: Government e-Marketplace. Launch: August 9, 2016 (MoCI); SPV Incorporation: May 17, 2017. SPV: Section 8 Non-Profit Company under Companies Act 2013. Purpose: Central/State Govt Departments, CPSEs కొనుగోళ్ళకు Online Platform. FY26 Stats: 1.36 lakh govt buyers, ~25 lakh sellers (72% MSE), ₹2.36L crore MSE orders, Women MSE: ₹28K crore, SC/ST: ₹6K crore, Startups: ₹19K crore. Benefits: Transparency, Efficiency; Near-10% cost savings (World Bank). CEO: Mihir Kumar. GeM Manthan: Stakeholder brainstorming event. Connection: Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Vocal for Local, Viksit Bharat 2047.
IMO, SOLAS, MARPOL – Maritime వ్యవస్థలు; Pushkaralu వివరాలు?
IMO: International Maritime Organization; London HQ; UN Specialized Agency; 175+ member states; SG: Arsenio Dominguez. SOLAS: Safety of Life at Sea Convention. MARPOL: International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships. International Day for Women in Maritime: May 18 (annually, since 2022); Resolution A.1170(32); UN SDG 5. India Maritime: Sagarmala Project; JNPA, HDPE, Chennai Port. Saraswati Pushkaralu: Kaleshwaram, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Telangana; ప్రతి 12 సంవత్సరాలకు గురు మిధున రాశిలో; Godavari + Pranahita + Saraswati (underground) Triveni Sangam; 12 రోజులు. 12 పుష్కర నదులు: Ganga (Aries), Saraswati (Gemini), Yamuna (Cancer), Narmada (Taurus), Godavari (Leo) మొ.
