World Press Freedom Index గురించి వివరాలు – RSF, India history?
RSF (Reporters Without Borders / Reporters Sans Frontières): French NGO, 1985 founded, Paris. Annual World Press Freedom Index. India rankings: 2014: 140 → 2023: 161 (historic low) → 2024: 159 → 2025: 151 → 2026: 157. 5 indicators: Political, Economic, Legal, Social, Security. 2026 Global Top 5: Norway, Netherlands, Estonia, Denmark, Sweden. Bottom: Eritrea. World Press Freedom Day: May 3 (UN – 1993). India “very serious” category. Legal indicator 2026 sharpest decline globally. 100/180 countries score declined.
OCI Scheme – Complete Details, Rights, Restrictions?
OCI (Overseas Citizen of India): Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2005 కింద introduced. PIO (Person of Indian Origin) Card: 2015 లో OCI లో merge చేశారు. Eligibility: Indian citizen on/after Jan 26, 1950 (or eligible on that date). Not eligible: Pakistani/Bangladeshi origin. Rights: Multiple-entry lifelong visa; no police registration; NRI parity in economic/educational fields; no duration limit. Restrictions: No voting rights; No Govt jobs; No agricultural land purchase. OCI Act: Section 7A-7E of Citizenship Act 1955. e-OCI 2026: digital credential, ociservices.gov.in. Minor: Cannot hold Indian + foreign passport simultaneously.
HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) – History, Products, Maharatna?
HAL: Founded 1940 (Bangalore) by Walchand Hirachand. HQ: Bengaluru. Ministry of Defence. Maharatna PSU (2023 – 5th company after ONGC, NTPC, SAIL, CIL). CMD history: Ravi K (22nd, May 2026). Key products: LCA Tejas (light combat), LCH Prachand (light combat helicopter), ALH Dhruv, Su-30 MKI (licensed), Hawk AJT, Dornier 228. Tejas Programme: DRDO/ADA designed; HAL manufacturing. 180 Tejas Mk-1A contract (IAF, 2021). Tejas MK-2: under development. HAL turnover: ₹29,000 crore+ (2023-24). Export to 14+ countries. ISAE-SUPAERO, France: aerospace institution (Ravi K alumnus).
MSRDC, Mumbai-Pune Expressway – Infrastructure Details?
Mumbai-Pune Expressway (Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway): India’s first expressway (2002). Length: 94.5 km. MSRDC: Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation – built and operates. Missing Link: 13.3 km corridor (Khopoli to Kusgaon/Lonavala) – bypasses Bhor/Khandala Ghat. Two tunnels: 1.67 km + 8.92 km (Guinness Record). Width: 22.33 m. Cost: ₹6,695 crore. Built by: Navayuga Engineering (Hyderabad). 182-m cable-stayed bridge over Tiger Valley. Inaugurated: May 1, 2026 (Maharashtra Day) by CM Devendra Fadnavis. Maharashtra Day: May 1 (Maharashtra State + Gujarat formation 1960).
IRDAI – Insurance Regulation, FDI history, IRDAI functions?
IRDAI: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India. HQ: Hyderabad. Chairman: Debasish Panda. Established: 1999 (IRDA Act 1999). Statutory body. Insurance Act: 1938. FDI in Insurance history: 26% (2000) → 49% (2014) → 74% (Insurance Amendment Act 2021) → 100% (2026 FEMA amendment). LIC exception: 20% cap. IRDAI functions: licensing, regulation, development of insurance industry. Life Insurance: Term, endowment, ULIP. Non-Life: Health, vehicle, marine. GIC Re: Government reinsurer. India Insurance Penetration: ~4% of GDP (global average ~7%).
Prasar Bharati – Structure, DD, AIR, History?
Prasar Bharati: India’s public broadcaster. Act: Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act, 1990. Became autonomous: November 23, 1997 (World Television Day). HQ: New Delhi. Chairman (new): Prasoon Joshi (May 2026). CEO: nominated by President. Doordarshan (DD): 1959 (NDTV 1988 → private era). DD National, DD News (24/7), DD Sports, DD India (international), DD Kisan. AIR (All India Radio / Akashvani): 243 broadcast stations, 99.2% population coverage. AIR started: 1930 (British India). DD + AIR: Ministry I&B supervision. I&B Minister: Ashwini Vaishnaw.
PMMSY – Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana Details?
PMMSY: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana. Launched: 2020. Duration: 2020-25 (extended). Outlay: ₹20,050 crore (largest investment in fisheries). Called “Blue Revolution 2.0”. Objectives: Boost fish production, double fishermen income, create employment, modernise infrastructure. Target: Fish production 137 LMT (2018-19) → 220 LMT by 2024-25. Fisheries Minister: Parshottam Rupala. NFDB: National Fisheries Development Board (nodal). Hazaribag Pearl Cluster: under PMMSY. India fish production: 2nd globally (China 1st). Inland fisheries dominant. Major states: Andhra Pradesh (aquaculture), Gujarat (marine).
Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar – Complete Details?
Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar: PM Modi govt instituted. Announced: January 23 (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose birth anniversary). Award: Institution – ₹51 lakh + certificate; Individual – ₹5 lakh + certificate. Ministry: Home Affairs (MHA). Focus: Disaster prevention, preparedness, response, recovery. 2025 winner: INCOIS (Institutional category). NDMA: National Disaster Management Authority (statutory, 2005 DM Act). NDRF: National Disaster Response Force (12 battalions). India’s DM policy: Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Mitigation, Reconstruction – 5 phases. SDMA: State Disaster Management Authority.