FASTag అంటే ఏమిటి? MLFF తో తేడా ఏమిటి? NHAI అంటే?
FASTag: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) sticker – vehicle windshield పై. Toll plazas లో automatic deduction. Linked to prepaid account. Compulsory: February 15, 2021 నుండి all vehicles. MLFF vs FASTag: FASTag vehicles stop చేసి scan చేయిస్తుంది. MLFF: Moving vehicles లో FASTag+ANPR కలిపి use చేస్తుంది – no stopping. NHAI: National Highways Authority of India. 1988 NHAI Act. MoRTH under. HQ: New Delhi. Chairman: Santosh Kumar Yadav. NH network: ~1.46 lakh km. Chorayasi: NH-48 (Delhi–Mumbai) Surat-Bharuch section. NETC: National Electronic Toll Collection program. One vehicle, one FASTag.
GST Structure అంటే ఏమిటి? CGST, SGST, IGST, UTGST?
GST: Goods and Services Tax. July 1, 2017 launch. One Nation, One Tax. CGST: Central GST – Central Govt collects (intra-state sales). SGST: State GST – State Govt collects (intra-state). IGST: Integrated GST – Centre collects (inter-state + imports). UTGST: Union Territory GST. Slabs: 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%. GST Council: PM నేతృత్వంలో కాదు – FM (Finance Minister) of India chairs. Composition: Union FM + State FMs. Constitutional Amendment: 101st CAA 2016. GSTN: GST Network – technology backbone. GST Day: July 1. India GST: World’s largest GST system.
Project 17A frigates – complete details: Ships, builders, status?
Project 17A (Nilgiri-class): 7 stealth frigates. MDL ships (4): Nilgiri (Dec 2024), Himgiri, Udaygiri, Taragiri (Apr 2026), Mahendragiri (Apr 30, 2026). GRSE ships (3): Dunagiri (Mar 2026), Vindhyagiri, Nagagiri. Commissioned: Taragiri (April 3, 2026); Nilgiri (commissioned earlier). Features: CODOG propulsion, BrahMos, MRSAM, CIWS, 2 helicopters, 75% indigenous. Named after: Mountain peaks across India. Project 17 (Shivalik-class): INS Shivalik, INS Sahyadri, INS Sahyadri – predecessors. MDL: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders, Mumbai – Defence PSU under Ministry of Defence.
ILO అంటే ఏమిటి? Labour Day చరిత్ర? India లో ముఖ్య Labour Laws?
ILO: International Labour Organization. Founded 1919 (Treaty of Versailles). HQ: Geneva. UN Specialized Agency. DG: Gilbert Houngbo (Togo). 187 member states. Labour Day: May 1. Haymarket Affair 1886 (Chicago) – 8-hour workday protest. 1889 Paris (Second International) – May 1 declared. India: May 1, 1923, Chennai – Singaravelar Chettiyar first celebrated. India Labour Laws: 4 Labour Codes (2019-2020): 1) Wages Code 2019, 2) Industrial Relations Code 2020, 3) Social Security Code 2020, 4) Occupational Safety Code 2020 – replace 29 central labour laws. Minimum Wage: States fix (7th Schedule List II). ESIC: Employees’ State Insurance Corporation. EPFO: Employees’ Provident Fund Organization.
DRDO, NSTL, BHEL – details? India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem?
DRDO: Defence Research & Development Organisation. 1958 స్థాపన. HQ: New Delhi. 50+ labs. Chairman: Dr. Samir V. Kamat. Under Ministry of Defence. NSTL: Naval Science & Technological Laboratory, Visakhapatnam. Torpedoes, sonar, underwater weapons, GT-IRSS. BHEL: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Navratna PSU. HQ: New Delhi. CMD: Nalin Singhal. Power + Industrial + Defence segments. Defence: SRGM, IPMS, radar domes, now GT-IRSS. India Defence Ecosystem: DPSUs (MDL, HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, OFB etc.) + Private (L&T, Tata, Mahindra Defence) + DRDO labs. Aatmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Positive indigenisation lists; iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence); DDP (Department of Defence Production).
Whitley Fund for Nature – Awards, famous winners, India’s conservation?
Whitley Fund for Nature (WFN): UK charity. Founded: 1993 by Edward Whitley. Annual awards. Whitley Awards: “Green Oscars.” Up to 6 winners. £40,000 each. Whitley Gold Award: £80,000 – exceptional conservation. 2026 Gold: Farwiza Farhan (Indonesia, Leuser Ecosystem). 2026 India winners: Parveen Shaikh (Indian Skimmer, Chambal, BNHS) + Barkha Subba (FOSEP, Himalayan salamander). BNHS: Bombay Natural History Society, 1883, Mumbai. India’s prominent conservation body. Chambal River: Madhya Pradesh–Rajasthan–UP. National Chambal Sanctuary. Home to Indian skimmer, gharial, river dolphin. Designated river with strict protection. IUCN Status Indian Skimmer: Endangered.
Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, BWF అంటే ఏమిటి? India’s badminton major tournaments?
Thomas Cup: Men’s team badminton championship. Named after Sir George Thomas. Biennial. Started 1948-49. Malaya/Malaysia most successful. India 2022: First ever Thomas Cup win (beat Indonesia in final). Uber Cup: Women’s team championship. Biennial (same year as Thomas). Sudirman Cup: Mixed team. BWF: Badminton World Federation. HQ: Kuala Lumpur. President: Poul-Erik Høyer. India Badminton: BAI (Badminton Association of India). Pullela Gopichand – chief national coach. India top players: Lakshya Sen (singles), Satwik-Chirag (doubles, World No. 1), PV Sindhu (2-time WC silver), HS Prannoy. 2026 Thomas Cup venue: Horsens, Denmark.
Kabaddi major tournaments, Asian Games, Pro Kabaddi League?
Kabaddi: India’s traditional sport. Asian Games: India dominant – Gold in all editions (1990–2018). 2022 (Hangzhou): India Men Gold; Women Gold. Asian Beach Games: OCA. Beach Kabaddi = 6-member teams. India Women: 6/6 editions Gold (2008–2026). Kabaddi World Cup: India 5 titles (2016 last held). Pro Kabaddi League: India’s professional league. 2014 start. 12 teams. Patna Pirates most successful. IKF: International Kabaddi Federation. Asian Kabaddi Federation. India’s kabaddi strength: Domestic talent + SAI support + Pro Kabaddi pipeline. Kabaddi: Part of school and indigenous games programmes. OCA: Olympic Council of Asia. HQ: Kuwait City. President: Raja Randhir Singh (India).