సుప్రీం కోర్టు న్యాయమూర్తుల చరిత్ర – చట్టపరమైన నిబంధనలు?
SC (Number of Judges) Act, 1956: మొదట 1 CJI + 7 judges; అనేక సార్లు సవరింపు. 2019: 30 → 33 (CJI మినహాయించి); 2026: 33 → 37 Ordinance. CJI తో కలిపి 38 మంది. Article 124: SC న్యాయమూర్తుల నియామకం రాష్ట్రపతి చేత; Collegium System ద్వారా సిఫారసు. Article 123: Ordinance power – Parliament సమావేశంలో లేనప్పుడు. Collegium System: 1993 Second Judges Case నుండి. CJI పదవీ కాలం: 65 సంవత్సరాల వయసు వరకు. Judge removal: Article 124(4) – అభిశంసన (Impeachment) ప్రక్రియ. Present CJI: సూర్య కాంత్. SC ప్రతిష్ఠాత్మక కేసులు: Kesavananda Bharati, ADM Jabalpur, Maneka Gandhi.
Ebola వ్యాధి – చరిత్ర, PHEIC వ్యవస్థ, IHR వివరాలు?
Ebola: 1976లో DRC (అప్పుడు Zaire) Ebola నదీ తీరంలో మొదటిసారి గుర్తించారు. జాతులు: Zaire (అత్యంత ప్రమాదకరం), Sudan, Bundibugyo, Tai Forest, Reston. Bundibugyo: 2007 Uganda, 2012 DRC; వ్యాక్సిన్ లేదు; CFR 30-50%. Zaire strain: Approved vaccine: rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo by Merck); WHO prequalified. PHEIC: Public Health Emergency of International Concern | IHR (International Health Regulations) 2005, Article 12 | WHO DG అధికారం. మునుపటి PHEICs: H1N1 (2009), Polio (2014), West Africa Ebola (2014), Zika (2016), Kivu Ebola (2019), COVID-19 (2020), Monkeypox (2022), Uganda Ebola (2022). WHO DG: Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Ethiopia) | HQ: Geneva. DRC: Kinshasa రాజధాని | Congo నది వెంట | 17th Ebola outbreak 2026.
Mount Everest – వివరాలు, భారత ముఖ్య పర్వతారోహణ విజయాలు?
Mount Everest: 8,848.86 m (2020 updated measurement) | Nepal-China (Tibet) సరిహద్దు | Sagarmatha (నేపాల్), Chomolungma (Tibet). మొదటి Ascent: Edmund Hillary (New Zealand) + Tenzing Norgay Sherpa (Nepal) | May 29, 1953. First Indian woman Everest: Bachendri Pal (1984). Kiran Bedi: మొదటి భారతీయ IPS officer (సంబంధం లేదు). Kami Rita Sherpa: ప్రపంచ రికార్డు హోల్డర్; 32 summits (2026 వరకు). Lhakpa Sherpa: మహిళల రికార్డు 11 summits (2026). Nepal Department of Tourism: Permit issuing authority. Everest climbing season: Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October). Himalayas: 14 peaks above 8,000m; K2 – world’s 2nd highest (8,611m, Pakistan-China).
Airbus C-295, Tata Advanced Systems, Make in India Defence – వివరాలు?
C-295 Contract: September 2021 | ₹21,935 crore | Airbus Defence & Space (Seville, Spain) + India | 56 aircraft IAF. TASL: Tata Advanced Systems Limited | Tata Group | Defence Aerospace. Vadodara FAL: Harni area; Inaugurated Oct 28, 2024 by PM Modi + Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez. Make in India: 40 aircraft India-built; 70% local content. C-295 specs: Twin turboprop; 9 tonnes payload; 71 troops; Short/unprepared airstrips; Speed: 260 knots; Avro replacement. HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited; Bengaluru; State-owned aircraft maker; Tejas, ALH Dhruv. iDEX: Innovations for Defence Excellence | MoD | startup funding for defence innovation. Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Defence as priority sector | FDI in defence: 74% automatic, 100% government route. Indian Navy + Coast Guard: Additional C-295 orders.
GIFT City – IFSC, IFSCA, భారత Financial Hub స్టాటిక్ GK?
GIFT City: Gujarat International Finance Tec-City | Gandhinagar, Gujarat | India’s first IFSC (International Financial Services Centre). IFSCA: International Financial Services Centres Authority | Regulatory body | Established: 2020 | Gandhinagar. GIFT City MD&CEO: Sanjay Kaul. IBU: IFSC Banking Unit | Yes Bank: India మొదటి IBU (2015). 31+ IBUs by March 2025; combined assets $88,500 million. Single regulator: IFSCA regulates banking, insurance, capital markets, fund management in GIFT IFSC. Special Economic Zone: GIFT SEZ | Brigade Towers, GIFT Two, etc. CTBC Bank (Taiwan): First Taiwanese bank at GIFT City (May 2026). India-Taiwan Trade: Semiconductors, Electronics – growing partnership. GIFT City tax advantages: 0% tax on income of units; exemption from stamp duty.
Chola Dynasty, Rajaraja Chola I – చోళ సామ్రాజ్యం స్టాటిక్ GK?
చోళ సామ్రాజ్యం: 9వ-13వ శతాబ్దాలు | రాజధాని: Thanjavur (తంజావూర్). రాజరాజ చోళ-I: 985-1014 CE | Great Chola king | Brihadeeswarar Temple (Thanjavur) నిర్మించాడు | UNESCO World Heritage. రాజేంద్ర చోళ-I: Southeast Asia వరకు naval expansion; Gangaikonda Choleeswaram. Anaimangalam Copper Plates (Leiden Plates): Rajaraja Chola I | Nagapattinam Chudamani Vihara (Buddhist monastery) కు భూమి దానం | Srivijaya Kingdom (Indonesia) రాజు నిర్మించిన monastery. Ponniyin Selvan: Kalki రాశిన నవల; Rajaraja Chola I గురించి; 2022 Mani Ratnam సినిమా. Cultural Repatriation: UNESCO ICPRCP | India 300+ artefacts USA నుండి, Italy, UK నుండి తిరిగి తెప్పించుకుంది. ASML: Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography | Eindhoven, Netherlands | World’s only EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) lithography machine manufacturer.
High-Speed Rail – NHSRCL, India HSR corridors, Budget 2026 – వివరాలు?
India First HSR: Mumbai-Ahmedabad (508 km) | ₹1.08 lakh crore | Japan collaboration (Shinkansen Bullet Train) | JICA funding. NHSRCL: National High Speed Rail Corporation Ltd. | Under Railways Ministry | MD: Vivek Kumar Gupta. Union Budget 2026: 7 new HSR corridors announced; 3 from Hyderabad: Mumbai (761 km), Chennai, Bengaluru. Hyderabad-Pune-Mumbai DPR: 761 km; 320-330 kmph; ₹2 lakh crore; 10-12 stations; 3 hrs travel. Hyderabad position: Geographic center of India; National/State highway hub. Telangana Rising 2047: Long-term development vision. India Train speed: Vande Bharat Express: 160 kmph; Rajdhani: 130 kmph; Bullet train target: 350 kmph. HRERA, GMR Group, HMDA: Stakeholders in Hyderabad HSR planning.
CRISPR Gene Therapy, Sickle Cell Disease – భారత గిరిజన ఆరోగ్య కార్యక్రమాలు?
CRISPR-Cas9: Jennifer Doudna (UC Berkeley) + Emmanuelle Charpentier (Max Planck) | Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 | Precise DNA editing. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): Haemoglobin S mutation (HBB gene) | Hereditary autosomal recessive | RBC sickle shape → blockage. India SCD prevalence: Tribal populations of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Jharkhand – high prevalence. BIRSA 101: India’s first indigenous CRISPR therapy for SCD | CSIR-IGIB, New Delhi | Birsa Munda (गोंड, हो, मुंडा जनजाति नेता) పేర్పు. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: 2047 నిర్మూలన లక్ష్యం | Universal screening | ₹1,000 crore. Approved Gene Therapies SCD: Casgevy (CRISPR-based, FDA approved 2023) – world’s first approved CRISPR therapy. MoTA: Ministry of Tribal Affairs | Jual Oram. CSIR-IGIB: Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi.
