India Renewable Energy సంస్థలు — MNRE, IREDA, SECI, ISA — వాటి పాత్రలు ఏమిటి?
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy): Policy మరియు Programme నిర్వహిస్తుంది; మంత్రి: Pralhad Joshi. IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency): RE Projects కు Finance; 1987 స్థాపన; NBFC-PSU; 2023 లో IPO. SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India): RE Tenders, Auctions; 2011 స్థాపన; MNRE కింద. ISA (International Solar Alliance): India ఆతిథ్యం; HQ: Gurugram; 2015 COP21 లో Launch; Director General: Ashish Khanna; 120+ Sunny Countries Members. IRENA: International Renewable Energy Agency; HQ: Abu Dhabi, UAE; 1948 కాదు — 2009 స్థాపన; India 7వ అతి పెద్ద RE Country గా గుర్తింపు. PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: 1 Crore Rooftop Solar HH; ₹75,021 Cr.
India Paramilitary Forces — CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, SSB, NSG, Assam Rifles వివరాలు?
CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force): 1939; Largest Paramilitary; MHA ఆధ్వర్యంలో; Internal Security, Counter-Naxal. BSF (Border Security Force): 1965; Pakistan + Bangladesh సరిహద్దు; Blue Uniforms. CISF (Central Industrial Security Force): 1969; Airports, PSUs, Nuclear Facilities. ITBP (Indo-Tibetan Border Police): 1962 (Sino-India War తర్వాత); China (Tibet) సరిహద్దు; Mountaineering expertise. SSB (Sashastra Seema Bal): Nepal + Bhutan సరిహద్దు; MHA కింద. NSG (National Security Guard): 1984; Black Cat Commandos; Anti-Terror; Cabinet Secretariat కింద. Assam Rifles: 1835 — పురాతనమైన Paramilitary; Northeast India; MHA + Army joint control. CAPF General Administration Act, 2026: వీటన్నింటికీ Unified Framework.
Finance Commission — రాజ్యాంగ ప్రమాణాలు, 15వ మరియు 16వ FC తేడాలు ఏమిటి?
Article 280: Finance Commission స్థాపన — President నియమిస్తారు; ప్రతి 5 సంవత్సరాలకు. 15th Finance Commission (2021-26): Chairman: N.K. Singh; Horizontal Devolution: 41% (16th FC Award ముగిశాక మళ్ళీ review); States Tax Share 41%. 16th Finance Commission (2026-31): Chairman: Dr. Arvind Panagariya (Former NITI Aayog VC); April 1, 2026 నుండి Award Period ప్రారంభం. FC Recommendations: (1) Distribution of Net Tax Proceeds; (2) Grants-in-Aid; (3) Measures to augment Consolidated Fund of States. Vertical Devolution: Centre vs States; Horizontal: Among States. RLBs = Rural Local Bodies; ULBs = Urban Local Bodies. Article 243I & 243Y: State Finance Commissions for PRIs and ULBs.
IUCN Red List Categories మరియు India లో Critically Endangered Species ఏమిటి?
IUCN Red List Categories (తక్కువ నుండి ఎక్కువ ముప్పు): Least Concern → Near Threatened → Vulnerable → Endangered → Critically Endangered → Extinct in Wild → Extinct. 2026 Updates: Emperor Penguin: NT → Endangered; Antarctic Fur Seal: LC → Endangered. India Critically Endangered Species: Great Indian Bustard (GIB), Gharial, Hangul (Kashmir Stag), Andaman White-toothed Shrew. India Endangered: Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Snow Leopard, One-horned Rhino (Vulnerable), Nilgiri Tahr. Recently Delisted: Cheetah (Extinct in Wild in India — Reintroduced from Namibia/South Africa under Project Cheetah 2022). IUCN HQ: Gland, Switzerland; స్థాపన: 1948. India IUCN Members: BNHS, WWF-India, SACON.
MSME రంగం — నిర్వచనం, TReDS, MUDRA, GeM మరియు రాజ్యాంగ స్థానం ఏమిటి?
MSME Definition (2020 Revised): Micro: Investment ≤₹1Cr + Turnover ≤₹5Cr; Small: ≤₹10Cr + ≤₹50Cr; Medium: ≤₹50Cr + ≤₹250Cr. Key Schemes: MUDRA (Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency) — Shishu/Kishore/Tarun categories; CGTMSE — Credit Guarantee; SFURTI — Cluster Development; ASPIRE — Agro-processing. TReDS: Trade Receivables Discounting System; RBI Regulated; 3 Platforms: RXIL, M1xchange, INVOICEMART. GeM (Government e-Marketplace): Public Procurement platform; FY26 GMV ₹4 Lakh Cr+; MSME Sellers 60%+. Udyam Portal: Online MSME Registration. MSME Minister: Jitan Ram Manjhi. India MSMEs: 6.3 Cr+; GDP 30%; Exports 45%+; Employment 11 Cr.
Nuclear Energy — India-France సంబంధాలు, EDF, Jaitapur Project గురించి చెప్పండి?
EDF (Électricité de France): France అతి పెద్ద Nuclear Power Utility; ప్రపంచంలో అగ్రగామి; 56 Nuclear Reactors France లో. Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP): Maharashtra లో; EDF + NPCIL; 6 × 1,650 MW EPR Reactors — 9,900 MW — India అతి పెద్ద Nuclear Project; Environmental Clearances ongoing. NTPC-EDF MoU (2026): Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) + Conventional Nuclear; India Net Zero 2070 లక్ష్యానికి Nuclear కీలకం. SMR అంటే: 300 MW లోపు Capacity; Factory-built; Flexible Deployment. India Nuclear Capacity (2026): 7,480 MW — 24 Reactors; NPCIL నిర్వహణ. India-France Relations: Strategic Partnership; Rafale Deal; Horizon 2047 Roadmap; France India లో అతి పెద్ద Defence Partner. IAEA HQ: Vienna, Austria; DG: Rafael Grossi.
Gaganyaan Mission — Astronauts, Launch Vehicle, Phases వివరాలు ఏమిటి?
Gaganyaan Mission: India మొదటి Human Spaceflight; LEO 400 km; 3 Astronauts; 3 రోజులు. Launch Vehicle: HLVM3 (Human-rated LVM3) — LVM3-M మీద ఆధారం; 4-ton Crew Module. 4 Selected Astronauts (IAF Officers): Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair, Ajit Krishnan, Angad Pratap, Shubhanshu Shukla; Russia లో Training పూర్తి చేశారు. Mission Phases: G1 (Unmanned — Crew Module Test Flights); G2 (Vyommitra Robot Mission); G3 (Crewed Mission). Vyommitra: ISRO Half-humanoid Robot — Unmanned precursor mission. Re-entry: Aerobraking + Parachutes + Navy Recovery (Bay of Bengal). ISRO Chairman: V. Narayanan. India Space Station: 2035 BAS (Bharatiya Antariksha Station). India Moon Mission Next: Chandrayaan-4 (2028).
Panchayati Raj — 73వ సవరణ, 11వ షెడ్యూల్, మరియు PESA Act వివరాలు?
73వ రాజ్యాంగ సవరణ (1992): Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) రాజ్యాంగ హోదా; Articles 243-243O; మూడు స్థాయులు: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti (Intermediate), Zila Parishad. 11వ షెడ్యూల్: 29 విషయాలు PRIs కు అప్పగించారు (Agriculture, Education, Health etc.). తప్పనిసరి అంశాలు: 1/3 మహిళా రిజర్వేషన్ (పెంచి 50% చేసే రాష్ట్రాలు: Bihar, Rajasthan, MP etc.); SC/ST రిజర్వేషన్; 5 సంవత్సరాల term; State Election Commission. PESA Act, 1996 (Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas): Scheduled Areas లో Gram Sabha కు Veto Power — Land acquisition, Mining, Minor Forest Produce. 10 States లో వర్తింపు. 16th FC RLBs: Digital PRIs, Performance Grants. India లో 2.5 లక్షల+ Panchayats; 30 Lakh+ Elected Representatives.
India Unicorn Ecosystem — Startup India, DPIIT, Fintech Regulation వివరాలు?
Unicorn: $1 Billion+ Valuation Startup. India Unicorns: 100+ (April 2026). Startup India: 2016 Launch; DPIIT నిర్వహణ; DPIIT పూర్తి రూపం: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade. Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS): SIDBI నిర్వహణ; ₹10,000 Cr. Fintech Regulation: RBI — NBFCs, Digital Lending, Payments; SEBI — Fintech Securities; IRDAI — Insurtech. Payment Systems: UPI — NPCI నిర్వహణ; FY26 లో ₹200 Trillion+. India Global Fintech Rank: 3వ స్థానం (US, UK తర్వాత). KreditBee (2026): Bengaluru; AI-driven Digital Loans; $280M Funding; Unicorn. Other Fintech Unicorns: Razorpay, Paytm, PhonePe, BharatPe, CRED. RBI Digital Lending Guidelines 2022: Loan Service Provider (LSP) framework; FLDG cap 5%; First Loss Default Guarantee.
India Tribal Welfare — PESA, Forest Rights Act, NSTFDC, Article 244 వివరాలు?
Article 244: Scheduled Areas (5th Schedule) మరియు Tribal Areas (6th Schedule) ప్రత్యేక పాలన. 5th Schedule: 10 States లో Scheduled Areas — Governor powers. 6th Schedule: Northeast — Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram — Autonomous District Councils. Forest Rights Act, 2006: Individual Forest Rights + Community Forest Rights; Gram Sabha నిర్ణయాలు Binding. NSTFDC: National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation; 2001; MoTA కింద PSU; 34 Lakh+ Beneficiaries; ₹7,000+ Cr Loans. MoTA (Ministry of Tribal Affairs): Jual Oram. India ST Population: 10.45 Cr (8.6%) — 2011 Census; 705 Scheduled Tribes. PM JANMAN Yojana: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) — 75 Groups; ₹24,104 Cr. Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): ST Students Residential Education.